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Chicago police officers carry protester Bernie Sanders, 21, in August 1963 to a police wagon from a civil rights demonstration at West 73rd Street and South Lowe Avenue. He was arrested, charged with resisting arrest, found guilty and fined $25. He was a University of Chicago student at the time. In 1963, controversial Chicago Public Schools Superintendent Benjamin C. Willis decided that placing aluminum trailers in black neighborhoods was the best way to ease overcrowding and keep school segregation intact. The modular units were put in vacant lots and on existing school grounds in neighborhoods such as Englewood, where the African-American school population was soaring in the early 1960s. Picketing, school boycotts and sit-ins ensued as the black community voiced outrage at the discrimination.
Chicago police officers carry protester Bernie Sanders, 21, in August 1963 to a police wagon from a civil rights demonstration at West 73rd Street and South Lowe Avenue. He was arrested, charged with resisting arrest, found guilty and fined $25. He was a University of Chicago student at the time. In 1963, controversial Chicago Public Schools Superintendent Benjamin C. Willis decided that placing aluminum trailers in black neighborhoods was the best way to ease overcrowding and keep school segregation intact. The modular units were put in vacant lots and on existing school grounds in neighborhoods such as Englewood, where the African-American school population was soaring in the early 1960s. Picketing, school boycotts and sit-ins ensued as the black community voiced outrage at the discrimination.
Bernie Sanders, fourth from the left, and fellow demonstrators attached chains to their legs at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in August 1963, in Chicago as they protested school segregation.
Bernie Sanders, fourth from the left, and fellow demonstrators attached chains to their legs at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in August 1963, in Chicago as they protested school segregation.
A man and woman hold hands as they are surrounded by Chicago police officers during a protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 2, 1963. The protesters were against mobile classrooms, known derisively as Willis Wagons, being brought to Englewood.
A man and woman hold hands as they are surrounded by Chicago police officers during a protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 2, 1963. The protesters were against mobile classrooms, known derisively as Willis Wagons, being brought to Englewood.
While Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) members picket, police guard mobile school units at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 13, 1963.
While Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) members picket, police guard mobile school units at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 13, 1963.
A woman holds onto a child as they are carried by Chicago police officers during a protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 2, 1963. The protesters were against mobile classrooms being brought to Englewood.
A woman holds onto a child as they are carried by Chicago police officers during a protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 2, 1963. The protesters were against mobile classrooms being brought to Englewood.
Janet Haywood, 20, is carried off by police after she climbed on top of mobile classrooms at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 13, 1963. The officers carried her across the roof, strapped her into a stretcher and lowered her to others waiting on the ground, where she was taken to a police wagon.
Janet Haywood, 20, is carried off by police after she climbed on top of mobile classrooms at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 13, 1963. The officers carried her across the roof, strapped her into a stretcher and lowered her to others waiting on the ground, where she was taken to a police wagon.
Clergymen join the picket line at a mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago's Englewood neighborhod Aug. 15, 1963.
Clergymen join the picket line at a mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago’s Englewood neighborhod Aug. 15, 1963.
Chicago police officers carry a protester to a police wagon from the mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago's Englewood neighborhood Aug. 13, 1963.
Chicago police officers carry a protester to a police wagon from the mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago’s Englewood neighborhood Aug. 13, 1963.
People protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 2, 1963, in Chicago. The protesters were expressing their anger over mobile classrooms being brought into Englewood to accommodate black students instead the city integrating those students into nearby white schools.
People protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 2, 1963, in Chicago. The protesters were expressing their anger over mobile classrooms being brought into Englewood to accommodate black students instead the city integrating those students into nearby white schools.
Wayne Yancey and Sibylle Bearskin ascended workmen's ladders while protesting the mobile-classroom site near 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 13, 1963. Both were arrested. Yancey would go on to become a Freedom Rider in Mississippi and died in 1964.
Wayne Yancey and Sibylle Bearskin ascended workmen’s ladders while protesting the mobile-classroom site near 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 13, 1963. Both were arrested. Yancey would go on to become a Freedom Rider in Mississippi and died in 1964.
Chicago police officers stare at Wayne Yancey and Sibylle Bearskin as they perch atop telephone poles after climbing ladders unattended by workmen during a protest Aug. 13, 1963, at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago.
Chicago police officers stare at Wayne Yancey and Sibylle Bearskin as they perch atop telephone poles after climbing ladders unattended by workmen during a protest Aug. 13, 1963, at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago.
A child holds onto a woman as they are surrounded by Chicago police officers during a protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 2, 1963. The protesters were fighting for desegregated schools.
A child holds onto a woman as they are surrounded by Chicago police officers during a protest at 74th Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 2, 1963. The protesters were fighting for desegregated schools.
Chicago police officers arrest two protesters as they demonstrate at a mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 13, 1963.
Chicago police officers arrest two protesters as they demonstrate at a mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 13, 1963.
CORE demonstrators gather and wait for the construction to begin at an empty lot Aug. 5, 1963, at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue. The Board of Education intended to install mobile classrooms to accommodate black students instead of integrating them in white schools.
CORE demonstrators gather and wait for the construction to begin at an empty lot Aug. 5, 1963, at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue. The Board of Education intended to install mobile classrooms to accommodate black students instead of integrating them in white schools.
Demonstrators, chained together are carried to a patrol wagon by Chicago police officers on Aug. 13, 1963, at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in the Englewood neighborhood. The group was protesting school segregation.
Demonstrators, chained together are carried to a patrol wagon by Chicago police officers on Aug. 13, 1963, at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in the Englewood neighborhood. The group was protesting school segregation.
Children, parents and clergymen picket a mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 15, 1963.
Children, parents and clergymen picket a mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 15, 1963.
Congress of Racial Equality leader Charles Smith, second from left, and Parent Committee President Rosie Simpson, second from right, seek permission from Chicago police Capt. William McCann, right, to hold a prayer meeting at a mobile school site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug, 16, 1963. McCann told them they would need a permit from the Chicago Board of Education, and when none was issued, they held a kneel-in anyway.
Congress of Racial Equality leader Charles Smith, second from left, and Parent Committee President Rosie Simpson, second from right, seek permission from Chicago police Capt. William McCann, right, to hold a prayer meeting at a mobile school site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug, 16, 1963. McCann told them they would need a permit from the Chicago Board of Education, and when none was issued, they held a kneel-in anyway.
People picket the use of mobile classrooms Sept. 3, 1963, that were placed next to Guggenheim Elementary School at 7146 S. Sangamon St. in Chicago.
People picket the use of mobile classrooms Sept. 3, 1963, that were placed next to Guggenheim Elementary School at 7146 S. Sangamon St. in Chicago.
A young girl holds rosary beads at the mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in the Englewood neighborhood of Chicago on Aug. 15, 1963.
A young girl holds rosary beads at the mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in the Englewood neighborhood of Chicago on Aug. 15, 1963.
A young man turns to shout at policemen forcing him into patrol wagon at the scene of a South Side disturbance prompted by the arrival of mobile classrooms on Aug. 12, 1963. The demonstrators had previously been lying in front of trucks and cars trying to enter the school construction site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in the Englewood neighborhood.
A young man turns to shout at policemen forcing him into patrol wagon at the scene of a South Side disturbance prompted by the arrival of mobile classrooms on Aug. 12, 1963. The demonstrators had previously been lying in front of trucks and cars trying to enter the school construction site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in the Englewood neighborhood.
One of the demonstrators who was lying in front of a truck yells and kicks while police officers take him to a patrol wagon at the mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 12, 1963.
One of the demonstrators who was lying in front of a truck yells and kicks while police officers take him to a patrol wagon at the mobile classroom site at 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue on Aug. 12, 1963.
Two policewomen stand by and observe as a small group kneels in prayer beside one of the mobile classrooms being installed on a tract near 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 16, 1963.
Two policewomen stand by and observe as a small group kneels in prayer beside one of the mobile classrooms being installed on a tract near 73rd Street and Lowe Avenue in Chicago on Aug. 16, 1963.
Irene Sorenson, a lunchroom supervisor for the Chicago Board of Education, serves coffee to demonstrators at the mobile classroom site on the South Side on Aug. 16, 1963. Police permitted the group to cross the barriers.
Irene Sorenson, a lunchroom supervisor for the Chicago Board of Education, serves coffee to demonstrators at the mobile classroom site on the South Side on Aug. 16, 1963. Police permitted the group to cross the barriers.
Rosie Simpson, president of the 71st and Stewart group, shows the 1,300 signatures on a petition pertaining to segregated schools at the mayor's office Aug. 20, 1963.
Rosie Simpson, president of the 71st and Stewart group, shows the 1,300 signatures on a petition pertaining to segregated schools at the mayor’s office Aug. 20, 1963.
Luberda Bailey, head of the 71st and Sangamon Block Club, leads children from Guggenheim Elementary School to the Freedom School held in the basement at New Friendship Baptist Church on Oct. 22, 1963. The students boycotted their regular school as a protest against segregated schools in Chicago.
Luberda Bailey, head of the 71st and Sangamon Block Club, leads children from Guggenheim Elementary School to the Freedom School held in the basement at New Friendship Baptist Church on Oct. 22, 1963. The students boycotted their regular school as a protest against segregated schools in Chicago.
Student teacher Cheryl Warren and the Rev. John R. Porter teach students from Beale, Lowe and Kershaw schools at a Freedom School at 64th and Sangamon streets during a boycott of their regular schools Oct. 22, 1963.
Student teacher Cheryl Warren and the Rev. John R. Porter teach students from Beale, Lowe and Kershaw schools at a Freedom School at 64th and Sangamon streets during a boycott of their regular schools Oct. 22, 1963.
Superintendent Benjamin Willis at a school hearing for the Board of Education on Oct. 20, 1965.
Superintendent Benjamin Willis at a school hearing for the Board of Education on Oct. 20, 1965.