In an analysis of new American Community Survey data, William Frey, a demographer at the Brookings Institution, examines the racial diversity of large metropolitan areas across the country. Data show that Chicago ranks third behind Milwaukee and New York City as the most segregated large cities in the country.
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The data also show that 76 percent of Chicago’s African-American population and 56 percent of the Hispanic population would have to move in order to achieve complete integration.
Because more whites, Asians and Hispanics have moved into certain communities, the average black resident now lives in a neighborhood that is 64 percent black. In 2000, that figure was 72 percent.
The charts below show how much of the black and Hispanic communities in each city would need to change neighborhoods to effect the same distribution as whites.
Ethnic segregation
As measured by dissimilarity index for U.S. metropolitan areas with population of over 1 million, 2010-14
An index value (horizontal axis) of 100 means complete segregation; 0 means complete integration
Blacks
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50%
Memphis
40
30
Percentage
of population
that is black
Chicago: 76
20
New York
Milwaukee: 81
10
Los Angeles
40
50
60
70
80
Percentage of black population that would need to move to effect 100% integration
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50%
Memphis
40
30
Percentage
of population
that is black
Chicago: 77
20
New York
10
Milwaukee: 81
Los Angeles
40
50
60
70
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80
Percentage of black population that would need to move to effect 100% integration
| Metropolitan area | Percent black population | Segregation index: black vs. white, 2010-14 |
|---|---|---|
| Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI | 16% | 81 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA | 16% | 77 |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI | 17% | 76 |
| Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI | 22% | 75 |
| Cleveland-Elyria, OH | 20% | 74 |
| Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY | 12% | 73 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 18% | 71 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA | 7% | 68 |
| Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 12% | 68 |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 20% | 68 |
| Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI | 6% | 66 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 8% | 66 |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 7% | 66 |
| Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT | 11% | 66 |
| Birmingham-Hoover, AL | 29% | 65 |
| Rochester, NY | 11% | 65 |
| Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN | 15% | 65 |
| New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 34% | 65 |
| Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD | 29% | 65 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL | 20% | 65 |
| Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 5% | 64 |
| Columbus, OH | 15% | 64 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA | 8% | 62 |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV | 25% | 62 |
| Memphis, TN-MS-AR | 46% | 62 |
| Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 17% | 62 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 12% | 60 |
| Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 33% | 59 |
| Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN | 14% | 59 |
| Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade, CA | 7% | 58 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 15% | 58 |
| Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | 5% | 57 |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 12% | 56 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 8% | 56 |
| Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN | 15% | 55 |
| Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC | 22% | 54 |
| San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 5% | 53 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 10% | 53 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 21% | 53 |
| Richmond, VA | 30% | 53 |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 6% | 52 |
| Austin-Round Rock, TX | 7% | 52 |
| Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 3% | 51 |
| San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX | 6% | 50 |
| Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL | 15% | 50 |
| Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 5% | 49 |
| Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC | 30% | 47 |
| Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 7% | 47 |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 2% | 46 |
| Tucson, AZ | 3% | 44 |
| Raleigh, NC | 20% | 42 |
| Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV | 11% | 40 |
Ethnic segregation
As measured by dissimilarity index for U.S. metropolitan areas with population of over 1 million, 2010-14
An index value (horizontal axis) of 100 means complete segregation; 0 means complete integration
Hispanic
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60%
50
Los Angeles
40
Percentage
of population
that is Hispanic
30
Chicago: 56
New York
20
10
Milwaukee: 57
40
50
60
70
30
Percentage of Hispanic population that would need to move to effect 100% integration
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60%
50
Los Angeles
40
Percentage
of population
that is Hispanic
30
New York
20
Chicago: 56
10
Milwaukee: 57
30
40
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50
60
70
Percentage of Hispanic population that would need to move to effect 100% integration
| Metropolitan area | Percent Hispanic population | Segregation index: Hispanic vs. white, 2010-14 |
|---|---|---|
| Providence-Warwick, RI-MA | 12% | 61 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA | 24% | 61 |
| Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH | 10% | 60 |
| Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT | 14% | 58 |
| Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI | 10% | 57 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL | 43% | 57 |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI | 22% | 56 |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 9% | 56 |
| Memphis, TN-MS-AR | 5% | 54 |
| Cleveland-Elyria, OH | 5% | 53 |
| Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 36% | 52 |
| Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI | 9% | 52 |
| Birmingham-Hoover, AL | 4% | 51 |
| Rochester, NY | 7% | 51 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX | 28% | 50 |
| Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN | 6% | 50 |
| Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 30% | 49 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 12% | 49 |
| Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 11% | 49 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA | 22% | 49 |
| Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Franklin, TN | 7% | 49 |
| Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 23% | 49 |
| Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY | 5% | 49 |
| Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI | 4% | 49 |
| San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 33% | 49 |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV | 15% | 48 |
| Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC | 10% | 48 |
| Columbus, OH | 4% | 48 |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 28% | 48 |
| Richmond, VA | 6% | 47 |
| Tucson, AZ | 36% | 46 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 9% | 46 |
| San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX | 55% | 45 |
| Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 3% | 45 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 6% | 45 |
| Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN | 4% | 45 |
| Salt Lake City, UT | 17% | 44 |
| Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD | 5% | 44 |
| Austin-Round Rock, TX | 32% | 44 |
| Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 49% | 43 |
| Raleigh, NC | 10% | 42 |
| Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV | 30% | 42 |
| Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL | 28% | 42 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 2% | 41 |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 18% | 41 |
| New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 8% | 41 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 3% | 39 |
| Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade, CA | 21% | 39 |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA | 10% | 37 |
| Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC | 6% | 37 |
| Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 11% | 36 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 8% | 30 |
Source: William H. Frey analysis of 2000 Census and 2010-14 American Community Survey
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