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<pWhite oak trees, which supply the wood used in wine barrels, are widespread across Europe and the eastern U.S., though almost all the wood harvested for wine barrels these days comes from France and the U.S. The wood and barrel construction influence the flavor of the wine.

EUROPEAN SPECIES

Names: Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), Pedunculate or English oak (robur)

Height range: 100-130 feet

Where they grow


Wood grain variety

U.S. SPECIES

Name: White or stave oak (Quercus alba)

Height range: Up to and over 100 feet

Where it grows


Wood grain variety

WINE BARREL CONSTRUCTION

A wine barrel is carefully shaped because it needs to be watertight and held together without glue. It is cylinderically shaped so it can roll easily.

  1. Staves: Narrow lengths of wood with slightly beveled edges that form the sides. The staves are seasoned, or dried out, for two to three years before use. They are bent using heat and the pressure of tightening the hoops.
  2. Bilge: Where the staves meet.
  3. Bung hole: Access hole capped with a bung that acts like a cork.
  4. Bilge hoops: Six to eight metal hoops that hold the barrel together along the length of the barrel. They are knocked into position with a mallet.
  5. Croze: Groove at the end to receive the edge of the head.
  6. Chimes: Edge or brim.

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Toasting

Once construction is complete, the wood inside is heated over a flame, which helps flavor the wine.

Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, European Forest Genetic Resources Program, European Forestry Commission, Wageningen University, Italian Wine Merchants, The Wine Anorak

Getty photos

@ChiTribGraphics

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