The problem: Your savings are tied up in retirement accounts, but you really need the money now. You know you shouldn’t crack your nest egg until it’s time to retire, but these are extraordinary times. Maybe your rainy day fund has dried up, your credit card rate has soared, or your home equity line of credit has been yanked.
There are ways you can tap your IRA or 401(k) account without triggering the usual 10 percent early withdrawal penalty. But unless you have a Roth IRA, you’ll still have to pay income taxes at your regular rate on the money you take out. Some options depend on your age and whether you are employed.
Borrow from your 401(k). If you are still working, you may be able to borrow up to half of the balance of your 401(k) or similar employer-based retirement savings account, up to $50,000. (The majority of 401(k) plans allow loans, but specific rules are determined by the plan sponsor.)
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On the plus side, interest rates on 401(k) loans tend to be lower than you will find elsewhere. Because you are borrowing from yourself, your credit score doesn’t matter, and your loan repayments plus interest go back into your account.
Normally, you have up to five years to repay your loan, longer if the money is used as a down payment on a primary home. But if you fail to pay it back on time, the unpaid balance will be treated as an early distribution and will be subject to taxes and the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty if you’re younger than 591/2. If you lose or leave your job, your loan payoff is usually due within 60 to 90 days, at a time when you may least be able to repay it. So don’t borrow from your retirement plan unless your job is secure.
Borrowing from your 401(k) is a much better alternative than requesting a hardship withdrawal, which is generally reserved for dire financial situations, such as preventing foreclosure. Hardship withdrawals are treated as early distributions and are subject to taxes and penalties. For example, if you’re in the 25 percent federal income tax bracket, your state tax rate is 5 percent, and you are younger than 591/2, you could lose 40 percent of your 401(k) distribution to taxes and penalties.
Once you take a hardship withdrawal, you can’t put it back, so the size of your nest egg is permanently reduced. And the law prohibits you from making new contributions to your account for at least six months following a hardship withdrawal.
Dodge the early-out penalty. If you are 55 or older and you leave your job, whether by choice, because you’ve been laid off or you’ve decided to retire early, you can make penalty-free withdrawals from your 401(k), 403(b) or federal Thrift Savings Plan. (You’ll still have to pay income taxes on any distributions.) If you are a state or local government employee with a 457 plan, you can withdraw your savings penalty-free after you leave your job, regardless of your age.
If, however, you roll over your retirement funds to an IRA, you lose the early-out option. Normally, you pay a 10 percent early withdrawal penalty, in addition to income taxes, when you withdraw funds from a traditional IRA before you turn 591/2. And you can’t borrow from your IRA.
Nevertheless, you can tap an IRA early. You won’t be hit with the 10 percent penalty if you use your IRA withdrawal to pay for college expenses for you, your spouse or a dependent, or to help you purchase your first home (up to a maximum withdrawal of $10,000). The penalty is also waived if you become disabled; if you use the money to pay medical expenses in excess of 7.5 percent of your adjusted gross income; or, under certain conditions, if you are unemployed and use the money to pay for health-insurance premiums.
What’s more, there’s another way to stay clear of the 10 percent early withdrawal penalty, regardless of how you spend the money. You can take a series of “substantially equal periodic payments,” based on your life expectancy, for at least five years or at least until you are 591/2, whichever is longer. You can even split off a part of your IRA and take distributions based on that one account, reducing the amount you can access each year but protecting the remainder of your nest egg.
This strategy, known as a 72(t) distribution, works best if you’re in your 50s and can commit to steady distributions for five years or longer. Once you choose a payout method, you must stick with it. The penalty for deviating from a 72(t) schedule is steep: You’ll pay the 10 percent penalty retroactive to your first withdrawal, plus interest.
You can choose among three methods for calculating the distribution, so select whichever works best for you. Get your own estimate using the free calculators at 401kplanning.org. Another site, 72t.net, offers a reverse calculator to determine how much of an initial balance you would need to produce your desired payout. That can be useful if you want to split off part of your IRA and just tap it early.
“A lot of people would like to retire early, but the low payouts don’t meet their income needs,” said J. Graydon Coghlan, president of Coghlan Financial Group.
Tap a Roth IRA. Because there are no upfront tax breaks when you contribute to a Roth IRA, you can withdraw your contributions (but not earnings) tax-free and penalty-free at any time. That makes Roth IRA money the easiest to access.
But think twice before cashing in a Roth IRA, which is considered the Holy Grail of savings vehicles. Contributions and earnings grow tax-free in a Roth IRA, and all distributions are tax-free and penalty-free once you are 591/2 and the account has been open at least five years. The longer you allow the assets to grow, the bigger your pile of tax-free assets will be.
Roth IRAs offer estate-planning advantages over traditional IRAs too. They have no minimum-distribution requirements, and you can continue to contribute, regardless of age, as long as you have earned income from a job. That means if you don’t need the money, you can build a substantial legacy for your heirs. They’ll also thank you for using a Roth: Beneficiaries pay no income taxes on inherited Roth IRAs.
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