trying to get inside their heads.
Officers are distributing cards designed to intimidate suspects arrested in
East Baltimore, and the department is developing a video to counter a recent
DVD in which potential witnesses are threatened. The Baltimore Police
Department is even thinking about placing officers atop lifeguard chairs in
the most violent parts of the city.
“It’s psychological warfare,” said Police Commissioner Leonard D. Hamm.
“It’s part of the crime plan to target violent people.”
Much of the campaign is modeled after military tactics to demoralize and
influence an enemy, and many say it demonstrates a local shift toward a style
of policing that promotes direct dialogue among police, criminals and
embattled communities. It also adds a new dimension to Baltimore’s
long-running struggle to reduce shootings and killings.
The city recorded 278 homicides last year, more than any other city of
similar size.
“We don’t think we can win over hard-core criminals with a 3-by-5 card or a
DVD,” said police spokesman Matt Jablow, “but we can make a difference with
the people who are teetering.”
Police have identified the three areas with the most homicides and
shootings – in Northwest Baltimore, East Baltimore and West Baltimore. Police
are swarming to those sections. At times, those parts of the city are flooded
by 10 to 15 officers where perhaps one patrolled previously.
The new police commissioner also is pushing intelligence-driven policing
that targets specific people in addition to areas.
In many ways, the new philosophy mirrors recent efforts in Boston, said
Jean McGloin, a University of Maryland criminologist. Starting in the
mid-1990s, police, clergy and other leaders there called regular meetings of
suspected gang members. They told the men to start receiving assistance from
social services and give up crime, or they would be hounded by police.
Such actions build on a widely held philosophy in policing: People make
deliberate decisions to commit crimes, and those decisions can be influenced
by altering their environment, McGloin said.
An example of such influence is heightening the perceived risk of
committing crimes. Police do that by installing surveillance cameras,
increasing street lighting or pushing a message that more police are on the
streets, she said.
Stern warning
So as the 173 detectives of the department’s organized crime division hit
the streets in East Baltimore, they do so armed with cards that carry a stern
message conceived by Chief Anthony Barksdale.
One side states: “By any legal means necessary.”
The other reads, “You were arrested today in a community that will no
longer tolerate the violence that has plagued it for generations. More
officers are on patrol in this key area than ever before. The Baltimore Police
Department will not reduce its enforcement until the violence stops. Spread
the word.”
On a recent night, officers searching a home in the 2400 block of E.
Madison St. handcuffed three middle-aged women as police scoured the rowhouse
for cocaine.
The women sat on the couch, their hands behind their back and the cards
resting atop their thighs. One said she couldn’t read it.
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“When you put your glasses on, you’re going to have to read that card,”
said Deputy Maj. Dean Palmere. “It tells you what’s going on in your
community.” For example, he said, people breaking the law have a greater
chance of being arrested because of increased enforcement.
The program reminds Allison B. Gilmore – the author of a book about
psychological warfare – of the United States’ and Gen. Douglas MacArthur’s
efforts to win over the Philippines during World War II.
When MacArthur temporarily left the islands, American planes dropped
leaflets promising he would return – and that people who collaborated with the
Japanese would be punished and those who supported the Americans would be
rewarded.
Gilmore, a history professor at Ohio State University, Lima, said that much
like military leaflets, the police cards aim to demoralize the enemy while
winning over civilians.
“It’s a long-term process of developing credibility,” she said. “It’s not
going to change people’s thinking in a couple weeks or a couple months.
They’re going to have to really follow through.”
Some doubt whether such efforts can work in law enforcement.
“There is nothing wrong with the police business being on the lookout for
good ideas, but I think we have to be concerned when too much energy is being
spent on [public relations] machinations rather than on public safety,” said
Eugene O’Donnell, a professor at the City University of New York’s John Jay
College of Criminal Justice and a former New York police officer and
prosecutor.
City police spokesman Jablow said the costs are minimal. The cards cost
about $300, and the DVDs will cost about $1,300, he said.
Other efforts
Several other recent efforts by the Baltimore police also have
psychological aspects, department leaders said. The city is installing
well-marked surveillance cameras in high-crime areas. Its helicopter officers
have been shining spotlights on known drug-dealing corners. And the department
might place officers with binoculars in lifeguard chairs, where they can loom
over drug dealers.
“We want them to look over their shoulder,” Hamm said. “We want them to
know we’re watching.”
Police officials soon expect to begin distributing 1,000 DVDs with their
answer to Stop Snitching, a locally produced DVD that gained nationwide
attention. The video featured professional basketball star Carmelo Anthony
and, for many, was a disturbing reminder of the city’s chronic trouble with
witness intimidation. Throughout the 90-minute video, men with guns and drugs
threaten the lives of people who “snitch” to police. Anthony has said he was
unaware of video’s message.
The police response – titled Keep Talking – is 90 seconds. It features
scenes from Stop Snitching, video of people in handcuffs, and background music
from the hip-hop song “Shook Ones,” which is slang for a rattled criminal.
It opens with police Agent Donny Moses saying, “The men and women of the
Baltimore Police Department would like to thank the producers of the Stop
Snitching video. In case you didn’t know, you’ve made Baltimore a safer city.”
The images of two people in Stop Snitching flash onto the screen, followed
by bold letters stating the criminal charges they face.
Gilmore, the military propaganda professor, said the most effective
propaganda is specific and factually supported. Police say the video shows
that they are backing up their word to crack down on targeted people
responsible for violence.
Experts say it’s crucial for the police to support their psychological
campaign with physical presence.
“If MacArthur had never showed up again,” Gilmore said, “nobody would have
ever listened to the Americans.”
To view a portion of the Keep Talking video, please go to
www.baltimoresun.com/policevideo.